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07.26.2025 at 11:23pm
Chinese maritime forces damaged three Philippine vessels in two consecutive incidents in the South China Sea in December 2023. Source: Philippine Coast Guard.
This annotated bibliography provides a starting point for understanding the evolving threat of irregular and unconventional maritime operations by the Peoples Republic of China (PRC). The materials here provide an overview of the use of Chinese Maritime Militia and fishing fleets as a means of force projection and hybrid influence. Illegal, unreported, and unregulated (IUU) fishing is a core element of China’s hybrid warfare strategy. IUU activities challenge nation-states, potentially violate international laws, and threaten marine ecosystems, littoral communities, and global stability. This work is provided as a resource for the sea